On July 1, 2018, the first major protests against raising the retirement age took place in dozens of Russian cities as part of Alexei Navalny’s large-scale campaign. At the same time, the FIFA World Cup was underway in Russia, and rallies were banned in host cities. But in other cities, organizers managed to obtain official approval, and thanks to Alexei Navalny’s campaign, social discontent spilled over into large protest actions across Russia.
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