Aaaaah... so it all turned out to be much more amusing than it first seemed. dolboeb pointed out this when Marker published scans of the inspection materials. So this is not about fraud at all, but about causing financial damage.
Article 165 is: *Causing property damage to an owner or other lawful possessor of property through deception or abuse of trust, in the absence of signs of theft. /////// *(still, by the way, up to five years under part three). So the Transneft police still had enough sense not to claim that I had, like, stolen a million rubles. Too bad — it would have been fun to rub their faces in it. The idea, apparently, is that I took advantage of someone's trust, gave (or pushed) bad advice, and thereby caused damage amounting to one million rubles. Interestingly, the company has losses of 220 million rubles, but for some reason no one was ever interested in the bad advice behind the other 219 million rubles. Apparently that one million rubles is the most valuable of all. It's precious for sentimental reasons.